Apparatus, system and method of multi user (mu) range measurement

ABSTRACT

Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, systems and/or methods of Multi User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM). For example, a wireless station may be configured to transmit a trigger frame including a resource allocation of a plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wireless stations; to process a plurality of Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations according to the resource allocation; to transmit an NDP; and to transmit a MU FTM message including timing information corresponding to the NDP and timing information corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/319,404 entitled “APPARATUS,SYSTEM AND METHOD OF FINE TIMING MEASUREMENT (FTM)”, filed Apr. 7, 2016,the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein generally relate to Multi User (MU) FineTiming Measurement (FTM).

BACKGROUND

Outdoor navigation is widely deployed thanks to the development ofvarious global-navigation-satellite-systems (GNSS), e.g., GlobalPositioning System (GPS), GALILEO, and the like.

Recently, there has been a lot of focus on indoor navigation. This fielddiffers from the outdoor navigation, since the indoor environment doesnot enable the reception of signals from GNSS satellites. As a result, alot of effort is being directed towards solving the indoor navigationproblem.

A Multi User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) Protocol, e.g., inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11REVmc Specification, may include measuringa Round Trip Time (RTT) from a wireless station (STA) to a plurality ofother STAs, e.g., several Access Point (AP) STAs and/or non-AP STAs, forexample, to perform trilateration and/or calculate the location of theplurality of STAs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to otherelements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numeralsmay be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogouselements. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a Multi User (MU) Fine TimingMeasurement (FTM) Protocol, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an MU Non-Data-Packet (NDP), inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an MU NDP, in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an MU FTM protocol, in accordancewith some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an MU FTM protocol, in accordancewith some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an MU FTM protocol, in accordancewith some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of MU FTM, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of MU FTM, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the artthat some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe discussion.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”,“computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”,“checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) ofa computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or otherelectronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform datarepresented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within thecomputer's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer's registersand/or memories or other information storage medium that may storeinstructions to perform operations and/or processes.

The terms “plurality” and “a plurality”, as used herein, include, forexample, “multiple” or “two or more”. For example, “a plurality ofitems” includes two or more items.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “demonstrativeembodiment”, “various embodiments” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s)so described may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated useof the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment, although it may.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinaladjectives “first”, “second”, “third” etc., to describe a common object,merely indicate that different instances of like objects are beingreferred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so describedmust be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking,or in any other manner.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), awireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a sensor device, anInternet of Things (IoT) device, a wearable device, a handheld device, aPersonal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN),a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal AreaNetwork (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (includingIEEE 802.11-2012, IEEE Standard for Informationtechnology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systemsLocal and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications, Mar. 29, 2012; IEEE802.11ac-2013 (“IEEE P802.11ac-2013,IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications andInformation Exchange Between Systems—Local and Metropolitan AreaNetworks—Specific Requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications—Amendment 4:Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6GHz”, December, 2013); IEEE 802.11ad (“IEEE P802.11ad-2012, IEEEStandard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and InformationExchange Between Systems—Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—SpecificRequirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) andPhysical Layer (PHY) Specifications—Amendment 3: Enhancements for VeryHigh Throughput in the 60 GHz Band”, 28 December, 2012);IEEE-802.11REVmc (“IEEE 802.11-REVmc™/D3.0, June 2014 draft standard forInformation technology—Telecommunications and information exchangebetween systems Local and metropolitan area networks Specificrequirements; Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) andPhysical Layer (PHY) Specification”); IEEE 802.11ax (IEEE 802.11ax, HighEfficiency WLAN (HEW)); and/or IEEE 802.11az (IEEE 802.11az, NextGeneration Positioning)) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingWiFi Alliance (WFA) Specifications (including Wi-Fi Neighbor AwarenessNetworking (NAN) Technical Specification, Version 1.0, May 1, 2015)and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/ornetworks operating in accordance with existing WFA Peer-to-Peer (P2P)specifications (including WiFi P2P technical specification, version 1.5,Aug. 4, 2014) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof, devicesand/or networks operating in accordance with existingWireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (including WirelessGigabit Alliance, Inc WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingcellular specifications and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or futureversions and/or derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are partof the above networks, and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, aPersonal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableGlobal Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, aMultiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, DigitalVideo Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, aWireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, RadioFrequency (RF), Infra-Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM),Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access(OFDMA), Spatial Divisional Multiple Access (SDMA), FDM Time-DivisionMultiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Multi-UserMIMO (MU-MIMO), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service(GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WidebandCDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband(UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G,4G, Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, Long Term Evolution(LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), orthe like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices,systems and/or networks.

The term “wireless device”, as used herein, includes, for example, adevice capable of wireless communication, a communication device capableof wireless communication, a communication station capable of wirelesscommunication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wirelesscommunication, or the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, awireless device may be or may include a peripheral that is integratedwith a computer, or a peripheral that is attached to a computer. In somedemonstrative embodiments, the term “wireless device” may optionallyinclude a wireless service.

The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a communicationsignal includes transmitting the communication signal and/or receivingthe communication signal. For example, a communication unit, which iscapable of communicating a communication signal, may include atransmitter to transmit the communication signal to at least one othercommunication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive thecommunication signal from at least one other communication unit. Theverb communicating may be used to refer to the action of transmitting orthe action of receiving. In one example, the phrase “communicating asignal” may refer to the action of transmitting the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of receiving thesignal by a second device. In another example, the phrase “communicatinga signal” may refer to the action of receiving the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of transmitting thesignal by a second device.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN,e.g., a wireless fidelity (WiFi) network. Other embodiments may be usedin conjunction with any other suitable wireless communication network,for example, a wireless area network, a “piconet”, a WPAN, a WVAN andthe like.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with awireless communication network communicating over a frequency band of2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. However, other embodiments may be implementedutilizing any other suitable wireless communication frequency bands, forexample, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave(mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency band within the frequencyband of between 20 Ghz and 300 GHZ, a WLAN frequency band, a WPANfrequency band, and the like.

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), anintegrated circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared,dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), thatexecute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logiccircuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide thedescribed functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may beimplemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may beimplemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In someembodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable inhardware.

The term “logic” may refer, for example, to computing logic embedded incircuitry of a computing apparatus and/or computing logic stored in amemory of a computing apparatus. For example, the logic may beaccessible by a processor of the computing apparatus to execute thecomputing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In oneexample, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/orfirmware, e.g., silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logicmay be included in, and/or implemented as part of, various circuitry,e.g. radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry, transmittercircuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry, and/or the like.In one example, logic may be embedded in volatile memory and/ornon-volatile memory, including random access memory, read only memory,programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory, persistent memory,and/or the like. Logic may be executed by one or more processors usingmemory, e.g., registers, buffers, stacks, and the like, coupled to theone or more processors, e.g., as necessary to execute the logic.

The term “antenna”, as used herein, may include any suitableconfiguration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antennaelements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In someembodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. Insome embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements. The antenna may include, for example, a phased array antenna,a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or thelike.

The phrase “peer to peer (PTP) communication”, as used herein, mayrelate to device-to-device communication over a wireless link(“peer-to-peer link”) between devices. The PTP communication mayinclude, for example, a WiFi Direct (WFD) communication, e.g., a WFDPeer to Peer (P2P) communication, wireless communication over a directlink within a Quality of Service (QoS) basic service set (BSS), atunneled direct-link setup (TDLS) link, a STA-to-STA communication in anindependent basic service set (IBSS), or the like.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect to WiFicommunication. However, other embodiments may be implemented withrespect to any other communication scheme, network, standard and/orprotocol.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates a blockdiagram of a system 100, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

As shown in FIG. 1, in some demonstrative embodiments system 100 mayinclude a wireless communication network including one or more wirelesscommunication devices, e.g., wireless communication devices 102, 140,160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102,140, 160 and/or 180 may include, for example, a UE, an MD, a STA, an AP,a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, anUltrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a servercomputer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an Internet of Things(IoT) device, a sensor device, a wearable device, a PDA device, ahandheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybriddevice (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA devicefunctionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehiculardevice, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portabledevice, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA devicewhich incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableGPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, anon-desktop computer, a “Carry Small Live Large” (CSLL) device, an UltraMobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC), a Mobile Internet Device(MID), an “Origami” device or computing device, a device that supportsDynamically Composable Computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a videodevice, an audio device, an A/V device, a Set-Top-Box (STB), a Blu-raydisc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a Digital Video Disc (DVD) player, aHigh Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, aPersonal Video Recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source,an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, abroadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a Personal Media Player(PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker,an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, adata sink, a Digital Still camera (DSC), a media player, a Smartphone, atelevision, a music player, or the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or moreSTAs. For example, device 102 may include at least one STA, and/ordevice 140 may include at least one STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or moreWLAN STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or moreWi-Fi STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or more BTdevices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude, operate as, and/or perform the functionality of one or moreNeighbor Awareness Networking (NAN) STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one of wireless communication devices102, 140, 160 and/or 180, e.g., device 140, may include, operate as,and/or perform the functionality of an AP STA, and/or one or more ofwireless communication devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180, e.g., device102, 160 and/or 180, may include, operate as, and/or perform thefunctionality of a non-AP STA. In other embodiments, devices 102, 140,160 and/or 180 may operate as and/or perform the functionality of anyother STA.

For example, the AP may include a router, a PC, a server, a Hot-Spotand/or the like.

In one example, a station (STA) may include a logical entity that is asingly addressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) andphysical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM). The STA mayperform any other additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, an AP may include an entity that contains a station(STA), e.g., one STA, and provides access to distribution services, viathe wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs. The AP may perform anyother additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a non-access-point (non-AP) station (STA) may include aSTA that is not contained within an AP. The non-AP STA may perform anyother additional or alternative functionality.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example,one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, amemory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or device 140 mayinclude, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an input unit 182,an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit 185.Devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 may optionally include other suitablehardware components and/or software components. In some demonstrativeembodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices102, 140, 160 and/or 180 may be enclosed in a common housing orpackaging, and may be interconnected or operably associated using one ormore wired or wireless links. In other embodiments, components of one ormore of devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 may be distributed amongmultiple or separate devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processor 191 and/or processor 181may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-coreprocessor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, amicroprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality ofprocessors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits,circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), anApplication-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose orspecific processor or controller. Processor 191 executes instructions,for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 102 and/or of one ormore suitable applications. Processor 181 executes instructions, forexample, of an Operating System (OS) of device 140 and/or of one or moresuitable applications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen,a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitablepointing device or input device. Output unit 193 and/or output unit 183includes, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flat paneldisplay, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display unit, a Liquid CrystalDisplay (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or more audiospeakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, memory unit 194 and/or memory unit184 includes, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read OnlyMemory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flashmemory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, abuffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or othersuitable memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185includes, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CompactDisk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitableremovable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storageunit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memoryunit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processedby device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102,140, 160 and/or 180 may be capable of communicating content, data,information and/or signals via a wireless medium (WM) 103. In somedemonstrative embodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example,a radio channel, a cellular channel, a Global Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS) Channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, an IR channel, aBluetooth (BT) channel, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication medium 103 mayinclude a wireless communication channel over a 2.4 Gigahertz (GHz)frequency band, or a 5 GHz frequency band, a millimeterWave (mmWave)frequency band, e.g., a 60 GHz frequency band, a S1G band, and/or anyother frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude one or more radios to perform wireless communication betweendevices 102, 140, 160, 180 and/or one or more other wirelesscommunication devices. For example, device 102 may include a radio 114,and/or device 140 may include a radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180 mayinclude one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic to performwireless communication between devices 102, 140, 160, 180 and/or one ormore other wireless communication devices. For example, device 102 mayinclude a radio 114, and/or device 140 may include a radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include oneor more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuitry and/or logic toreceive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames, blocks,transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/or data. Forexample, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116, and/or radio144 may include at least one receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include oneor more wireless transmitters (Tx) including circuitry and/or logic totransmit wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames, blocks,transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/or data. Forexample, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter 118, and/orradio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144,transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 148 may includecircuitry; logic; Radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuitry and/or logic;baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements,circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic;amplifiers; analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters;filters; and/or the like. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network InterfaceCard (NIC), and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may beconfigured to communicate over a 2.4 GHz band, a 5 GHz band, an mmWaveband, a S1G band, and/or any other band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, ormay be associated with, one or more antennas 107 and/or 147,respectively.

In one example, device 102 may include a single antenna 107. In anotherexample, device 102 may include two or more antennas 107.

In one example, device 140 may include a single antenna 147. In anotherexample, device 140 may include two or more antennas 147.

Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antennas suitable fortransmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks,frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. Forexample, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration,structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements,components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 mayinclude, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication,e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set ofswitched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities usingseparate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments,antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a controller124, and/or device 140 may include a controller 154. Controller 124 maybe configured to perform and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/orcontrol device 102 to perform, one or more communications, to generateand/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or toperform one or more functionalities, operations and/or proceduresbetween devices 102, 140, 160, 180 and/or one or more other devices;and/or controller 154 may be configured to perform, and/or to trigger,cause, instruct and/or control device 140 to perform, one or morecommunications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messagesand/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities,operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140, 160, 180 and/orone or more other devices, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 mayinclude circuitry and/or logic, e.g., one or more processors includingcircuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-AccessControl (MAC) circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitryand/or logic, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured toperform the functionality of controllers 124 and/or 154, respectively.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities ofcontrollers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic, which may beexecuted by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, controller 124 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 102,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device102, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein.

In one example, controller 154 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 140,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device140, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a messageprocessor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one or moremessages communicated by device 102.

In one example, message processor 128 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 102, and/or messageprocessor 128 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 102, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a messageprocessor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one or moremessages communicated by device 140.

In one example, message processor 158 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 140, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 mayinclude circuitry and/or logic, e.g., one or more processors includingcircuitry and/or logic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-AccessControl (MAC) circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitryand/or logic, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured toperform the functionality of message processors 128 and/or 158,respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalitiesof message processors 128 and/or 158 may be implemented by logic, whichmay be executed by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114, and/or atleast part of the functionality of message processor 158 may beimplemented as part of radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124,and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 maybe implemented as part of controller 154.

In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or thefunctionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of anyother element of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 124, one or more elements of messageprocessor 128, and/or one or more elements of radio 114. In one example,controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128 and/or radio114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of messageprocessor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example,controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158 and/or radio144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102,140, 160, and/or 180 may form, or may communicate as part of, a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN).

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102,140, 160, and/or 180 may form, or may communicate as part of, a WiFinetwork.

In other embodiments, wireless communication devices 102, 140, 160,and/or 180 may form, and/or communicate as part of, any other network.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include, operate as,and/or perform the functionality of a positioning responder station.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 160, and/or 180 mayinclude one or more applications configured to provide and/or to use oneor more location based services, e.g., a social application, anavigation application, a location based advertising application, and/orthe like. For example, device 102 may include an application 125 to beexecuted by device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, application 125 may use rangeinformation between devices 102 and 140, for example, to determine anestimated location of device 102, e.g., with respect to a coordinatesystem, e.g., a World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84), and/or a localcoordination.

In one example, device 102 may include a Smartphone and device 140 mayinclude an AP, which is located in a shop, e.g., in a shopping mall.According to this example, application 125 may use the range informationto determine a relative location of device 102 with respect to device140, for example, to receive sale offers from the shop.

In another example, device 102 may include a mobile device and device140 may include a responder station, which is located in a parking zone,e.g., of a shopping mall. According to this example, application 125 mayuse the range information to determine a location of device 102 in theparking zone, for example, to enable a user of device 102 to find aparking area in the parking zone.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a locationestimator 115 configured to estimate a location of device 102, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, location estimator 115 may beconfigured to determine a location of device 102, for example, using aplurality of ranges from the plurality of other STAs, e.g., byperforming trilateration.

In some demonstrative embodiments, location estimator 115 may includecircuitry and/or logic, e.g., processor circuitry and/or logic, memorycircuitry and/or logic, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic,configured to perform the functionality of location estimator 115.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities of locationestimator 115 may be implemented by logic, which may be executed by amachine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality oflocation estimator 115 may be implemented as part of controller 124.

In other embodiments, the functionality of location estimator 115 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, location estimator 115 may beconfigured to estimate the location of device 102, for example, based ontime based range measurements, for example, with device 140 and/or oneor more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the time based range measurements maybe performed using WLAN communications, e.g., WiFi. For example, usingWiFi to perform the time based range measurements may enable, forexample, increasing an indoor location accuracy of the locationestimation of device 102, e.g., in an indoor environment.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the time based range measurements mayinclude a round trip time (RTT) measurement (also referred to as Time ofFlight (ToF) procedure).

In some demonstrative embodiments, a ToF value may be defined as theoverall time a signal propagates from a first station, e.g., device 102,to a second station, e.g., device 140, and back to the first station. Adistance between the first and second stations may be determined basedon the ToF value, for example, by dividing the ToF value by two andmultiplying the result by the speed of light.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the ToF measurement procedure mayinclude a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) procedure.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160, and/or 180 maybe configured to perform one or more FTM measurements, ToF measurements,positioning measurements and/or communications, ranging measurementsand/or communications, proximity measurements and/or communications,location estimation measurements and/or communications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160, and/or 180 maybe configured to perform any other additional or alternative positioningmeasurements and/or communications, ranging measurements and/orcommunications, proximity measurements and/or communications, locationestimation measurements and/or communications, for example, and/oraccording to any other additional or alternative procedure and/orprotocol, e.g., an Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) procedure.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described below with respect to FTMmeasurements according to an FTM procedure. However, other embodimentsmay be implemented with respect to any other additional or alternativepositioning measurements and/or communications, ranging measurementsand/or communications, proximity measurements and/or communications,location estimation measurements and/or communications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160, and/or 180 maybe configured to perform one or more FTM measurements, for example,using WLAN communications, e.g., WiFi. For example, using WiFi toperform time based range measurements, e.g., FTM measurements, mayenable, for example, increasing an indoor location accuracy of themobile devices, e.g., in an indoor environment.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 160, and/or 180 mayperform the functionality of an initiator device to initiate the FTMprotocol, and device 140 may perform the functionality of a responderdevice. For example, device 140 may include an AP, and/or devices 102,160, and/or 180 may include a non-AP STA, for example, a mobile device,e.g., a Smartphone, which may initiate the FTM protocol with the AP, forexample, to determine a location of the mobile device.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include an FTMcomponent 117, and/or device 140 may include an FTM component 157, whichmay be configured to perform one or more FTM measurements, operationsand/or communications, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM components 117 and/or 157 mayinclude, or may be implemented, using suitable circuitry and/or logic,e.g., controller circuitry and/or logic, processor circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, and/or any other circuitry and/orlogic, which may be configured to perform at least part of thefunctionality of FTM components 117 and/or 157. Additionally oralternatively, one or more functionalities of FTM components 117 and/or157 may be implemented by logic, which may be executed by a machineand/or one or more processors, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto perform one or more operations of, and/or at least part of thefunctionality of, message processor 128 and/or controller 124, forexample, to trigger communication of one or more FTM messages and/orNDPs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto perform one or more operations of, and/or at least part of thefunctionality of, message processor 158 and/or controller 154, forexample, to trigger communication of one or more FTM messages and/orNDPs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM components 117 and/or 157 may beconfigured to trigger the FTM measurements, for example, periodicallyand/or or upon a request from an application executed by a device, forexample, to determine an accurate location of the device.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM components 117 and/or 157 may beconfigured to perform one or more measurements according to the FTMprotocol, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM components 117 and/or 157 may beconfigured to perform one or more proximity, ranging, and/or locationestimation measurements, e.g., in an indoor location, based on the FTMmeasurements. For example, the FTM measurements may provide a relativelyaccurate estimation of location, range and/or proximity, e.g., in anindoor location.

Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect to anFTM component, e.g., FTM components 117 and/or 157, configured toperform measurements according to an FTM protocol and/or procedure.However, in other embodiments, the FTM component may be configured toperform any other additional or alternative type of Time of Flight (ToF)measurements, ranging measurements, positioning measurements, proximitymeasurements, and/or location estimation measurements, e.g., accordingto any additional or alternative protocol and/or procedure.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160, and/or 180 maybe configured to utilize the FTM Protocol. For example, device 102 maybe configured to use the FTM protocol to measure the RTT from a STAimplemented by device 102 to a plurality of other STAs, e.g., includingdevice 140, for example, including one or more AP STAs and/or non-APSTAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the FTM protocol may be implementedas part of a Specification or protocol, for example, an IEEE 802.11Specification, for example, by a task group dealing with WiFipositioning, e.g., IEEE 802.11az—Next Generation Positioning.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the FTM protocol may be configured toenable providing, for example, at least improved capacity, support ofhigh density environments, improved scalability, improved accuracy,and/or one or more additional or alternative advantages, and/orbenefits.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160, and/or 180 maybe configured to utilize a MU FTM Protocol, e.g. as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the FTM protocol may be configured tosupport Multi-User (MU) capabilities, for example, in accordance with aSpecification or protocol, for example, an IEEE 802.11 Specification,for example, an IEEE 802.11ax Specification. In one example, a MU FTMprotocol, e.g., as described herein, may allow merging between a multiuser managing protocol, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ax

Specification, and advanced FTM measurement for positioning. Forexample, an IEEE 802.11ax Specification may be focused on data transferfor multi-users, mostly for associated STAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol may utilize animproved air interface while allowing denser environment than before,e.g., compared to current IEEE 802.11 Specifications. For example,positioning capabilities may be combined with WiFi services, forexample, while allowing a network to control the quality of serviceand/or the level of effect on other services.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol may utilizeadvanced multi user capabilities, for example, while offeringpositioning measurements, e.g., FTM range measurements, to multipleusers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol may be configuredto provide, for example, good positioning measurement results, forexample, while keeping an efficient air-interface management by an AP orresponder, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol may implement atime division approach, for example, to allow utilizing an increased,e.g., full, bandwidth (BW) for sounding a plurality of STAs, e.g., allSTAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an AP or responder device, e.g.,device 140, may be configured to solicit a plurality of STAs, e.g.,devices 102, 160, and/or 180, to perform positioning measurements, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more STAs, e.g., devices 102,160, and/or 180, may respond to the AP, for example, if they areinterested in performing a measurement with the AP, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the AP and the one or more STAs mayperform a measurement sequence, e.g., commencing immediately after theresponses from the STAs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more operations of a MU FTMprocedure, e.g., the whole procedure, may be performed in one atomicoperation, for example, one Transit Opportunity (TxOp), and/or with aduration of a Short Inter-Frame Space (SIFS) between frames, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol may beconfigured, for example, to allow un-associated multi-user positioningmeasurements, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol described hereinmay be configured, for example, to address at least a near-far technicalproblem, which may be more prominent in a positioning use-case, forexample, since the positioning use case may involve unassociated STAscommunicating with multiple APs/responders.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU FTM protocol may provide asolution for performing positioning measurements in a multi-userscenario, for example, in contrast to existing protocols, which may notbe managed for multi user implementations. For example, a protocol,e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11RevMC Standard, may be configuredfor one user at a time, and may not be able to utilize an air interfacein an efficient manner.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an AP, for example, device 140, maybe configured to manage a WiFi air interface. For example, the AP, e.g.,device 140, may be configured to control which STA, e.g., devices 102,160, and/or 180, transmits and when, and/or may allocate BW resources,e.g., by resource units (RUs), for example, for better utilization ofavailable air resources, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the AP, e.g., device 140, may beconfigured to schedule uplink communications from the plurality of STAs,e.g., devices 102, 160, and/or 180, according to an uplink procedure,e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ax Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the AP may be configured to solicitSTAs to upload data by a periodical Random Access Trigger Frame (RTF).The AP may define in the RTF, which RUs are to be allocated for randomaccess and for non-random access, e.g., as may be indicated by adedicated Association Identifier (AID). A STA, e.g., devices 102, 160,and/or 180, may respond to the RTF, and the AP may reply with ablock-ack (BA) and another trigger (non-random access) indicating anallocation of resources for which STA. The STAs may then upload alltheir data. The protocol may end with a multi block acknowledge (MB-A)

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit a trigger frame136 to a plurality of wireless stations, e.g. devices 102, 160 and/or180.

In one example, message processor 158 may generate trigger frame 136,and/or transmitter 148 may transmit trigger frame 136 to devices 102,160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto include in trigger frame 136 a resource allocation of a plurality ofresource slots to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102,160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto include in the resource allocation a Time Division Duplexing (TDD)allocation of a plurality of time slots.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive trigger frame 136 fromdevice 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process trigger frame 136from device 140.

In one example, receiver 116 may receive trigger frame 136 from device140, and/or message processor 128 may be configured to access, process,and/or decode trigger frame 136.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may transmit a plurality of NDPtransmissions 138 to device 140, according to the resource allocation,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to transmit an NDPtransmission to device 140 according to the resource allocation, e.g.,in response to trigger frame 136.

In one example, message processor 128 may generate the NDP transmission,and/or transmitter 118 may transmit the NDP transmission to device 140according to the resource allocation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may receive the pluralityof NDP transmissions 138 from the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,devices 102, 160 and/or 180, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to process the plurality ofNDP transmissions 138 from the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In one example, receiver 146 may receive the plurality of NDPtransmissions 138 from devices 102, 160 and/or 180, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access, process, and/or decode theplurality of NDP transmissions 138.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may transmit a sequence of two ormore NDPs including two or more respective NDP transmissions of theplurality of NDP transmissions 138 to device 140, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the two or more NDPs of the pluralityof NDP transmissions 138 may include at least first and second NDPs,e.g., from devices 102 and 160, which may be, for example, separatedfrom one another, e.g., by a SIFS.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to transmit an NDP includingthe NDP transmission.

In one example, message processor 128 may generate the NDP including theNDP transmission and/or transmitter 118 may transmit the NDP to device140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may receive from theplurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, thesequence of two or more NDPs including the two or more respective NDPtransmissions of the plurality of NDP transmissions 138, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to process a sequence of twoor more NDPs including the two or more respective NDP transmissions ofthe plurality of NDP transmissions 138.

In one example, receiver 146 may receive the sequence of two or moreNDPs including the two or more respective NDP transmissions of theplurality of NDP transmissions 138, and/or message processor 158 may beconfigured to access, process, and/or decode the sequence of the two ormore NDPs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may transmit two or more NDPtransmissions of the plurality of NDP transmissions 138 to device 140 aspart of a MU NDP, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to transmit the NDPtransmission as part of a MU NDP.

In one example, message processor 128 may generate the NDP transmissionas part of a MU NDP, and/or transmitter 118 may transmit the NDPtransmission as part of a MU NDP to device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may receive at least oneMU NDP, including two or more NDP transmissions from two or morewireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to process at least one MUNDP, including two or more NDP transmissions from two or more wirelessstations of the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160and/or 180.

In one example, receiver 146 may receive a MU NDP including two or moreNDP transmissions from devices 102, 160 and/or 180, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access, process, and/or decode the MUNDP.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MU NDP may include a MU NDPheader from the two or more wireless stations, e.g. from devices 102,160 and/or 180, followed by a sequence of two or more channel soundingtransmissions from the two or more wireless stations, e.g., from devices102, 160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to transmit a MU NDP headerfollowed by a channel sounding transmission, as part of the MU NDP.

In one example, message processor 128 may generate the MU NDP header andthe channel sounding transmission, and/or transmitter 118 may transmitthe MU NDP header and the channel sounding transmission to device 140 aspart of a MU NDP.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the resource allocation in triggerframe 136 may include an allocation of two or more time slots for thetwo or more channel sounding transmissions from the two or more wirelessstations, e.g. from devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a channel sounding transmission froma station may include a plurality of channel sounding symbols from aplurality of antennas of the station. In one example, the channelsounding transmission from the station may include a sequence of channelsounding symbols, e.g., at least one channel sounding symbol perantenna.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel sounding symbols mayinclude a plurality of long training fields from the plurality ofrespective antennas of the station.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel sounding transmission mayinclude a short training field prior to the plurality of channelsounding symbols.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may transmit the MU NDP headers andthe channel sounding transmissions over a same frequency band to device140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to transmit the MU NDPheader and the channel sounding transmission over the same frequencyband.

In one example, message processor 128 may generate the MU NDP header andthe channel sounding transmission, and/or transmitter 118 may transmitthe MU NDP header and the channel sounding transmission over the samefrequency band, e.g., to device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may receive the MU NDPheaders and the channel sounding transmissions from the plurality ofwireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, over the samefrequency bandwidth, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to process the MU NDP headerfrom device 102 and a channel sounding symbol of the plurality ofchannel sounding symbols from device 102 over the same frequencybandwidth.

In one example, receiver 146 may receive the MU NDP header and thechannel sounding symbol from device 102 over the same frequencybandwidth, and/or message processor 158 may be configured to access,process, and/or decode the MU NDP header and the channel soundingsymbol.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may receive a sequence ofa plurality of MU NDPs from a respective plurality of groups of two ormore wireless stations, e.g., a group of the plurality of groups mayinclude two or more of devices 102, 160 and/or 180, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to process the sequence ofthe plurality of MU NDPs from the respective plurality of groups of twoor more wireless stations.

In one example, receiver 146 may receive the sequence of the pluralityof MU NDPs from the respective plurality of groups of two or morewireless stations, and/or message processor 158 may be configured toaccess, process, and/or decode the sequence of the plurality of MU NDPs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit a NDP 172 to theplurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, forexample, in response to the plurality of NDP transmissions 138.

In one example, message processor 158 may generate NDP 172, and/ortransmitter 148 may transmit NDP 172 to devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive NDP 172 from device 140,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process NDP 172 fromdevice 140.

In one example, receiver 116 may receive NDP 172 from device 140, and/ormessage processor 128 may be configured to access, process, and/ordecode NDP 172.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may transmit a MU FTMmessage 174 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102,160 and/or 180, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit a MU FTM message174 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or180.

In one example, message processor 158 may generate MU FTM message 174,and/or transmitter 148 may transmit MU FTM message 174 to the pluralityof wireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto include in MU FTM message 174 channel information corresponding tothe plurality of NDP transmissions 138.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto include in MU FTM message 174 timing information corresponding to NDP172 and/or timing information corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions 138.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto include in MU FTM message 174 a plurality of Time of Arrival (ToA)values corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions 138 and/or aTime of Departure (ToD) value corresponding to NDP 172.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive MU FTM message 174 fromdevice 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process MU FTM message174 from device 140.

In one example, receiver 116 may receive MU FTM message 174 from device140, and/or message processor 128 may be configured to access, process,and/or decode MU FTM message 174.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit a positioningtrigger message 132 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices102, 160 and/or 180, for example, prior to trigger frame 136.

In one example, message processor 158 may generate positioning triggermessage 132 and/or transmitter 148 may transmit positioning triggermessage 132 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102,160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to include in positioningtrigger message 132 a Random Access Trigger Frame (RTF).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive positioning triggermessage 132 from device 140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process positioningtrigger message 132 from device 140.

In one example, receiver 116 may receive positioning trigger message132, and/or message processor 128 may be configured to access, process,and/or decode positioning trigger message 132.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may transmit a plurality of FTMrequests 134 to device 140, e.g., in response to positioning triggermessage 132.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to transmit a FTM request todevice 140.

In one example, message processor 128 may generate the FTM requestand/or transmitter 118 may transmit the FTM request to device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may receive the pluralityof FTM requests 134 from the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In one example, receiver 146 may receive the plurality of FTM requests134 and/or message processor 158 may be configured to access, process,and/or decode the plurality of FTM requests 134.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may transmit to theplurality of wireless stations, e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, a MUacknowledgement message to acknowledge the plurality of FTM requests 134e.g., in response to the plurality of FTM requests 134.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit the MUacknowledgement message to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In one example, message processor 158 may generate the MUacknowledgement message and/or transmitter 148 may transmit the MUacknowledgement message to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,devices 102, 160 and/or 180.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive the MU acknowledgementmessage, acknowledging the plurality of FTM requests 134, from device140, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process the MUacknowledgement message from device 140.

In one example, receiver 116 may receive the MU acknowledgement message,and/or message processor 128 may be configured to access, process,and/or decode the MU acknowledgement message.

In some demonstrative embodiments, trigger frame 136 may be based atleast on the plurality of FTM requests 134, and/or MU FTM message 174may include a MU FTM response, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit NDP 172, e.g.,as described above, subsequent to the reception of the plurality of FTMrequests 134 and prior to trigger frame 136.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive NDP 172 from device 140,subsequent to the transmission of the plurality of FTM requests 134 andprior to trigger frame 136, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process NDP 172 fromdevice 140 subsequent to the transmission of the FTM request and priorto trigger frame 136.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 157 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 140 to transmit NDP 172, e.g.,as described above, subsequent to the reception of the plurality of NDPtransmissions 138.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180, may receive NDP 172 from device 140,subsequent to the transmission of the plurality of NDP transmissions138, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, FTM component 117 may be configuredto control, cause and/or trigger device 102 to process NDP 172 fromdevice 140 subsequent to the transmission of the NDP transmission.

Reference is made to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates a MU FTMProtocol 200 between a wireless communication STA 240, and a pluralityof wireless communication STAs, e.g., STAs 202, 260, and/or 280, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, STA 240 mayperform the functionality of device 140 (FIG. 1); and/or STAs 202, 260,and/or 280 may perform the functionality of devices 102, 160 and/or 180(FIG. 1), respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, the MU FTMprocedure may begin with STA 240 sending a positioning trigger frame232, to ask who wants to perform a positioning measurement. For example,positioning trigger frame 232 may include positioning trigger message132 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning trigger frame 232 mayinclude a RTF.

In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning trigger frame 232 mayinclude a dedicated positioning RTF, which may be reserved, for example,for positioning only.

In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning trigger frame 232 may usea dedicated AID for random access positioning in conjunction with an AIDfor associated STAs, for example, to solicit specific STAs, e.g., STAs202, 260, and/or 280, to perform a positioning measurement.

In some demonstrative embodiments, positioning trigger frame 232 mayinclude the schedule information for one or more following RTFs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an RTF schedule indicating a scheduleof one or more RTF frames may be included in a beacon frame.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, one or more STAs,e.g., STAs 202, 260, and/or 280, may respond to positioning triggerframe 232, for example, using a dedicated positioning set of OFDMA BackOff (OBO) and/or OFDMA Contention Window (OCW) mechanisms, e.g., inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ax Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STAs 202, 260, and/or 280 maytransmit the response to positioning trigger frame 232 in the form of anFTM request, e.g., FTM requests 234, 244 and/or 254. For example, FTMrequests 234, 244 and/or 254 may include the plurality of FTM requests134 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, a STA, e.g., STA 202, may beconfigured to include in the FTM request, e.g., FTM request 234,information relating to a Number of Transmit (Tx) antennas of the STA, aBW, a Token (measurement ID), a Previous measurement (optional), and/orany other additional or alternative information.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 240 may process the FTM requests,e.g., FTM requests 234, 244 and/or 254, and may send to STAs 202, 260,and/or 280 a trigger frame 236, which may be configured by STA 240 tospecify an allocation for a request, e.g., FTM requests 234, 244 and/or254, if accepted. For example, trigger frame 236 may include triggerframe 136 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, trigger frame 236 may include detailsof allocation for the requests, e.g., FTM requests 234, 244 and/or 254,for example, including one or more of a Time slot (or slots) for eachrequest, frequency resources for each request, Tx power guidelines, aNumber of responder Tx antennas, and/or any other additional oralternative information.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, a measurement maybegin, for example, with STAs 202, 260, and/or 280 sending Multi User(MU) Non Data Packet (NDP) 238, e.g., simultaneously, for example, whileeach STA may only occupy its designated resource, e.g., as allocated bythe trigger frame 236. For example, MU NDP 238 may include the pluralityof NDP transmissions 138 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, MU-NDP 238 may include OFDM symbolsas reference symbols, e.g., similar to an NDP.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a STA, e.g. STAs 202, 260, and/or280, may send one or more OFDM symbols, for example, from one or morerespective Tx antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Hadamard multiplexing may be usedwithin each STA antenna sounding, e.g., similar to a single user NDP.

In some demonstrative embodiments, it may be possible to use Hadamardmultiplexing for all stations together.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an entire available frequency BW,e.g., an entire bandwidth of a channel, may be used for sounding, forexample, in order to provide improved, e.g., beset, positioningperformance, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a TDD approach, e.g., includingallocating a plurality of time slots to the respective plurality ofstations, may be implemented, for example, to utilize an entire BW forsounding, e.g., in contrast to a RU approach.

Reference is made to FIG. 3, which schematically illustrates a MU NDP300, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, MUNDP 238 (FIG. 2) may include MU NDP 300.

In some demonstrative embodiments, MU NDP 300 may include two or moreNDP transmissions from two or more wireless stations, e.g., devices 102,160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1), e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the NDP transmissions may include aMU NDP header 301 from two or more wireless stations, e.g. from devices102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1)

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1)may send, e.g., simultaneously, a MU NDP header 301, e.g., including aframe legacy preamble.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the header 301, e.g., including theframe legacy preamble, may be followed by a sequence of two or morechannel sounding transmissions from the two or more wireless stations,e.g., from devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1).

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, device 102 (FIG. 1) may send two OFDMsymbols, e.g., one form each antenna, e.g., channel soundingtransmissions 303 and 305, then device 160 (FIG. 1) may send one OFDMsymbol for one Tx antenna, e.g., channel sounding transmission 307,and/or then device 180 (FIG. 1) may send one OFDM symbol for one Txantenna, e.g., channel sounding transmission 309.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the resource allocation for the twoor more wireless stations may include an allocation of two or more timeslots for the two or more channel sounding transmissions from the two ormore wireless stations, e.g. from devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1).

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the resource allocation may include anallocation of four time slots for the four channel soundingtransmissions, e.g., transmissions 303, 305, 307 and 309 from devices102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel sounding transmissions,e.g., transmissions 303, 305, 307 and/or 309, may each include one ormore OFDM channel sounding symbols from one or more respective antennas,e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the OFDM symbols may include aplurality of long training fields (LTFs).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the TDD allocation of the OFDMsymbols to devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1), e.g., as shown in FIG.3, may be very efficient, e.g., with respect to a number of users persecond.

For example, the allocation of FIG. 3 may utilize a duration of an OFDMsymbol length, e.g., 4 us, per user per Tx antenna. Accordingly, the TDDallocation may provide a fast measurement sequence, which may allow, forexample, ignoring a clock frequency drift between device 140 (FIG. 1)and devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1), may transmit the MU NDPheaders 301 and the channel sounding transmissions over a same frequencyband, e.g., as described below.

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, device 102 (FIG. 1) may send framelegacy preamble 301 and channel sounding transmissions 303 and 305 overa same frequency band, device 160 (FIG. 1) may send frame legacypreamble 301 and channel sounding transmission 307 over a same frequencyband, and device 180 (FIG. 1) may send frame legacy preamble 301 andchannel sounding transmission 309 over a same frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more additional STAs may besupported, for example, by allocating one or more OFDM symbols in thepacket.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 (FIG. 1) may be configuredto process the sounding transmissions of MU NDP packet 300 in a serialmanner, for example, by calculating a ToA for an OFDM, e.g., each symbolper user (per antenna), e.g., of OFDM transmissions 303, 305, 307 and309.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an additional High Efficiency ShortTraining Field (HE-STF) may be sent from each STA separately, forexample, to allow device 140 (FIG. 1) to setup at least an AutomaticGain Control (AGC), e.g., prior to the measurement, e.g., as describedbelow. For example, using the HE-STF may address at least a near-farproblem.

Reference is made to FIG. 4, which schematically illustrates a MU NDP400, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, MUNDP 238 (FIG. 2) may include MU NDP 400.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, MU NDP 400 mayinclude an HE-STF transmission, which may be transmitted by a STA, forexample, before the STA transmits one or more OFDM symbols.

For example, as shown in FIG. 4, STA 202 (FIG. 2) may transmit a channelsounding transmission including HE-STF transmission 403, which may betransmitted before STA 202 (FIG. 2) transmits channel sounding symbols405 and 407. For example, STA 260 (FIG. 2) may transmit a channelsounding transmission including HE-STF transmission 409, which may betransmitted before STA 260 (FIG. 2) transmits channel sounding symbol411. For example, STA 280 (FIG. 2) may transmit a channel soundingtransmission including HE-STF transmission 413, which may be transmittedbefore STA 280 (FIG. 2) transmits channel sounding symbol 415.

Referring back to FIG. 2, in some demonstrative embodiments, forexample, after MU-NDP 238, STA 240 may send an NDP, e.g., a HighEfficiency (HE) NDP (HE-NDP) frame 272, for example, to allow STAs 202,260, and/or 280 to receive NDP 272, e.g., together, to estimate thechannel impulse response, and/or to measure the ToA for the NDP frame272. STAs 202, 260, and/or 280 may use the ToA of NDP frame 272 and/orthe ToD of MU-NDP 238, for example, for performing a ToF measurement,e.g., for calculating the RTT. For example, NDP 172 (FIG. 1) may includeNDP 272.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, STA 240 may senda MU-FTM response 274, which may include, for example, one or moremeasurements, which may enable STAs 202, 260, and/or 280 to complete anRTT calculation. For example, MU-FTM response 274 may include MU FTMmessage 174 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, MU-FTM response 274 may includetiming information indicative of the ToD of NDP 272 sent from STA 240,and/or timing information indicative of the ToA of one or more symbols,e.g., each of the symbols, received within the MU-NDP with, optionally,an observed channel for the symbol.

For example, MU-FTM response 274 may include timing informationindicative of a ToA of the one or more OFDM symbols of the MU-NDP, e.g.,OFDM symbols 301, 303, 305, 307 and/or 309 (FIG. 3), and/or a ToD of NDP272 sent by STA 240.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 240 may be configured tobroadcast MU-FTM response 274 to STAs 202, 260, and/or 280.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 240 may be configured to sendMU-FTM response 274 in an MU Downlink (MU-DL) mode, or separately toeach station, e.g., in a staggered manner.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an order of at least some of theframes in MU FTM protocol 200 (FIG. 2) may be modified, e.g., asdescribed below.

Reference is made to FIG. 5, which schematically illustrates a MU FTMprotocol 500 between a wireless communication STA 540 and a plurality ofwireless communication STAs, e.g., STAs 502, 560, and/or 580, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, STA 540 mayperform the functionality of device 140 (FIG. 1); and/or STAs 502, 560,and/or 580 may perform the functionality of devices 102, 160, and/or 180(FIG. 1), respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 540 may be configured to transmita NDP 572, for example, prior to the communication of a MU-NDP 538 fromSTAs 502, 560 and/or 580 to STA 540. For example, NDP 172 (FIG. 1) mayinclude NDP 572, and/or MU-NDP 538 may include MU NDP 300 (FIG. 3) or MUNDP 400 (FIG. 4).

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 540 may transmit a Random AccessPositioning Trigger 532 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,STAs 502, 560, and/or 580. For example, Random Access PositioningTrigger 532 may include positioning trigger message 132 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., STAs 502, 560, and/or 580 may transmit a plurality of FTM requests534 to STA 540, e.g., in response to Random Access Positioning Trigger532, e.g., as described above. For example, the plurality of FTMrequests 534 may include the plurality of FTM requests 134 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 540 may transmit a MU BA (M-BA)570 or a NDP Acknowledgement (NDP-A) 570 to the plurality of wirelessstations, e.g., STAs 502, 560, and/or 580, for example, to acknowledgethe plurality of FTM requests 534, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 540 may transmit the NDP 572 tothe plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs 502, 560, and/or 580, forexample, subsequent to M-BA/NDP-A 570.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 540 may transmit a Trigger Frame536 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs 502, 560, and/or580, for example, subsequent to NDP 572. For example, Trigger Frame 536may include Trigger Frame 136 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., STAs 502, 560, and/or 580, may transmit a plurality of NDPtransmissions, e.g., in the form of Mu-NDP 538, to STA 540, e.g.,subsequent to NDP 572 and trigger frame 536.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 540 may transmit a MU-FTMResponse 574 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs 502, 560,and/or 580, e.g., subsequent to MU-NDP 538. For example, MU-FTM Response574 may include MU-FTM message 174 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, an order of frames shown in FIG. 5may be in accordance with an order of frames in a sounding protocol,e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11ax Specification. For example, contentsof MU-NDP frames 538 may be similar to the contents of the MU-NDP framesdescribed above with reference to FIGS. 3 and/or 4.

In some demonstrative embodiments, MU FTM protocol 200 (FIG. 2) may bemodified by allowing devices 102, 160, and/or 180 (FIG. 1) tosequentially transmit multiple NDP frames to device 140 (FIG. 1), e.g.,as described below with reference to FIG. 6.

Reference is made to FIG. 6, which schematically illustrates a MU FTMprotocol 600 between a wireless communication STA 640 and a plurality ofwireless communication STAs, e.g., STAs 602, 660, and/or 680, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, STA 640 mayperform the functionality of device 140 (FIG. 1); and/or STAs 602, 660,and/or 680 may perform the functionality of devices 102, 160, and/or 180(FIG. 1), respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 640 may transmit a Random AccessPositioning Trigger 632 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,STAs 602, 660, and/or 680. For example, Random Access PositioningTrigger 632 may include positioning trigger message 132 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., STAs 602, 660, and/or 680 may transmit a plurality of FTM requests634 to STA 640, e.g., in response to Random Access Positioning Trigger632, e.g., as described above. For example, the plurality of FTMrequests 634 may include the plurality of FTM requests 134 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 640 may transmit a Trigger Frame636 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs 602, 660, and/or680, for example, subsequent to FTM requests 634. For example, TriggerFrame 636 may include Trigger Frame 136 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6, STAs 602, 660,and/or 680 may transmit to STA 640 a sequence of two or more NDP framesincluding NDP transmissions, for example, a separate NDP frame for eachSTA. For example, STAs 602, 660, and/or 680 may transmit NDP frames 658,648 and/or 638, respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an NDP frame from a STA may include aframe legacy preamble and one or more channel sounding transmissionsfrom the STA. For example, NDP 658 may include frame legacy preamble 301(FIG. 3) and channel sounding symbols 303 and 305 (FIG. 3).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the sequence of two or more NDPframes may include at least first and second NDPs separated by a SIFS.For example, as shown in FIG. 6, NDP frames 658, 648 and/or 638 may beseparated from each other by a SIFS.

In some demonstrative embodiments, implementing the multiple NDP frames,e.g. NDP frames 638, 648 and/or 658, may allow compatibility with one ormore protocols, may minimize flow changes, may simplify mappingallocation in time, and/or may reduce synchronization requirements,e.g., by using regular frames instead of the MU-NDP. The implementationof multiple NDP frames may result in a longer transaction, which in somecases, may require mitigating clock drifts.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 640 may transmit a NDP 672 to theplurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs 602, 660, and/or 680, forexample, subsequent to NDP transmissions 658, 648 and/or 638

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 640 may transmit a MU-FTMResponse 674 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs 602, 660,and/or 680, e.g., subsequent to NDP 672. For example, MU-FTM Response674 may include MU-FTM message 174 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180(FIG. 1) may be configured to perform a MU FTM protocol, which mayinclude a plurality of MU NDP transmissions, e.g., as described belowwith reference to FIG. 7.

Reference is made to FIG. 7, which schematically illustrates a MU FTMprotocol 700 between a wireless communication STA 740 and a plurality ofgroups of two or more STAs, e.g., groups 720, 722, and/or 724, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example, STA 740 mayperform the functionality of device 140 (FIG. 1), and/or groups 720,722, and/or 724, may include one or more of devices 102, 160, and/or 180(FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 740 may transmit a Random AccessPositioning Trigger 732 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g.,STAs of groups 720, 722 and/or 724. For example, Random AccessPositioning Trigger 732 may include positioning trigger message 132(FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of wireless stations,e.g., STAs of groups 720, 722 and/or 724, may transmit to STA 740 aplurality of FTM requests, for example, including a plurality of FTMrequests 754 from STAs of group 720, a plurality of FTM requests 744from STAs of group 722 and/or a plurality of FTM requests 734 from STAsof group 724, for example, in response to Random Access PositioningTrigger 732, e.g., as described above. For example, the plurality of FTMrequests 134 (FIG. 1) may include the plurality of FTM requests 734,744, and/or 754.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 740 may transmit a Trigger Frame736 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs of groups 720, 722and/or 724, for example, based on FTM requests 734, 744 and/or 754. Forexample, Trigger Frame 736 may include Trigger Frame 136 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7, a STA, e.g., STA740, may process a sequence of a plurality of MU-NDPs, e.g., MU-NDPtransmissions 738, 748, and/or 758, from a respective plurality ofgroups of two or more STAs, e.g., groups 720, 722 and 724. For example,each of MU-NDP transmissions 738, 748, and/or 758 may include MU NDP 300(FIG. 3) or MU NDP 400 (FIG. 4).

In some demonstrative embodiments, a MU-NDP, e.g., MU-NDP transmissions738, 748, and/or 758, may include transmissions from a plurality ofusers, for example, of up to a predefined total number of soundingelements (antennas), e.g., a total of up to 8 antennas, or any othernumber of sounding elements.

For example, as shown in FIG. 7, a MU-NDP transmission, e.g., MU-NDPtransmission 758 may include transmissions from a plurality of stationsof group 720, e.g., including one or more of devices 102, 160, and/or180 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the total number of sounding elementsper MU-NDP may be configured, for example, in compliance with one ormore Standards, for example, in compliance with a Standard limit of 8sounding elements.

In some demonstrative embodiments, with respect to sounding andfrequency allocation, it may be possible to multiplex several users in asingle symbol, for example, while keeping the full BW for all the users.

For example, at least first and second users, of group 720, e.g.,devices 160 and 180 (FIG. 1), may be multiplexed, such that the firstuser, e.g., device 160 (FIG. 1), may use a first subset of sub-carriers,e.g., the even sub-carriers, and the second user, e.g., device 180 (FIG.1), may use a second subset of sub-carriers, e.g., the odd sub-carriers.In some cases, multiplexing users may suffer a near-far problem.

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 740 may transmit a NDP 772 to theplurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs of groups 720, 722 and/or724, for example, subsequent to MU-NDP transmissions 758, 748 and/or 738

In some demonstrative embodiments, STA 740 may transmit a MU-FTMResponse 774 to the plurality of wireless stations, e.g., STAs of groups720, 722, and/or 724, e.g., subsequent to NDP 772. For example, MU-FTMResponse 774 may include MU-FTM message 174 (FIG. 1).

Reference is made to FIG. 8, which schematically illustrates a method ofMU-FTM, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example,one or more of the operations of the method of FIG. 8 may be performedby a wireless communication system, e.g., system 100 (FIG. 1); awireless communication device, e.g., devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180(FIG. 1); a controller, e.g., controllers 124 and/or 154 (FIG. 1); anFTM component, e.g., FTM components 117 and/or 157 (FIG. 1); a radio,e.g., radios 114 and/or 144 (FIG. 1); a message processor, e.g., messageprocessor 128 (FIG. 1) and/or message processor 158 (FIG. 1), atransmitter, e.g., transmitters 118 and/or 148 (FIG. 1); and/or areceiver, e.g., receivers 116 and/or 146 (FIG. 1).

As indicated at block 802, the method may include transmitting from awireless station a trigger frame, including a resource allocation of aplurality of resource slots to a plurality of wireless stations. Forexample, FTM component 157 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or triggerdevice 140 (FIG. 1) to transmit trigger frame 136 (FIG. 1) to devices102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 804, the method may include processing a pluralityof NDP transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations, accordingto the resource allocation. For example, FTM component 157 (FIG. 1) maycontrol, cause and/or trigger device 140 (FIG. 1) to process theplurality of NDP transmissions 138 (FIG. 1) from devices 102, 160 and/or180 (FIG. 1) according to the resource allocation, e.g., as describedabove.

As indicated at block 806, the method may include transmitting a NDPfrom the wireless station to the plurality of wireless stations. Forexample, FTM component 157 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or triggerdevice 140 (FIG. 1) to transmit NDP 172 (FIG. 1) to devices 102, 160and/or 180 (FIG. 1), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 808, the method may include transmitting from thewireless station to the plurality of wireless stations a MU FTM message,including timing information corresponding to the NDP and timinginformation corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions. Forexample, FTM component 157 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or triggerdevice 140 (FIG. 1) to transmit to devices 102, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1)the MU FTM 274 (FIG. 2), including timing information corresponding toNDP 272 (FIG. 2) and timing information corresponding to the pluralityof NDP transmissions 138 (FIG. 1), e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 9, which schematically illustrates a method ofMU-FTM, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. For example,one or more of the operations of the method of FIG. 9 may be performedby a wireless communication system, e.g., system 100 (FIG. 1); awireless communication device, e.g., devices 102, 140, 160 and/or 180(FIG. 1); a controller, e.g., controllers 124 and/or 154 (FIG. 1); anapplication, e.g., application 125 (FIG. 1), an FTM component, e.g., FTMcomponents 117 and/or 157 (FIG. 1); a location estimator, e.g., locationestimator 115 (FIG. 1); a radio, e.g., radios 114 and/or 144 (FIG. 1); amessage processor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1), a transmitter, e.g., transmitters 118 and/or 148(FIG. 1); and/or a receiver, e.g., receivers 116 and/or 146 (FIG. 1).

As indicated at block 902, the method may include, at a first wirelessstation, processing a trigger frame from a second wireless station, thetrigger frame including a resource allocation of a plurality of resourceslots to a plurality of wireless stations. For example, FTM component117 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102 (FIG. 1) toprocess trigger frame 136 (FIG. 1) from device 140 (FIG. 1), e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 904, the method may include transmitting a NDPtransmission from the first wireless station to the second wirelessstation, according to the resource allocation. For example, FTMcomponent 117 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102(FIG. 1) to transmit the NDP transmission to device 140 (FIG. 1), e.g.,as described above.

As indicated at block 906, the method may include processing at thefirst wireless station a NDP from the second wireless station. Forexample, FTM component 117 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or triggerdevice 102 (FIG. 1) to process NDP 172 (FIG. 1) from device 140 (FIG.1), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 908, the method may include processing at thefirst wireless station a MU FTM message from the second wirelessstation, the MU-FTM message including timing information correspondingto the NDP and/or timing information corresponding to the NDPtransmission from the first wireless station. For example, FTM component117 (FIG. 1) may control, cause and/or trigger device 102 (FIG. 1) toprocess MU-FTM message 174 (FIG. 1) from device 140 (FIG. 1), e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 910, the method may include determining a ToFmeasurement based on the NDP transmission, the received NDP, and/or theMU-FTM message. For example, FTM component 117 (FIG. 1) may control,cause and/or trigger device 102 (FIG. 1) to determine a ToF measurement,for example, based on a ToD of an NDP transmission 138 (FIG. 1) fromdevice 102 (FIG. 1), a ToA of NDP 172 (FIG. 1) from device 140 (FIG. 1),and/or a ToA of the NDP transmission 138 (FIG. 1) from device 102(FIG. 1) and/or a ToD of the NDP 172 (FIG. 1) from device 140 (FIG. 1),which may be determined, for example, based on the timing informationincluded in MU-FTM message 174 (FIG. 1) from device 140 (FIG. 1), e.g.,as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 10, which schematically illustrates a productof manufacture 1000, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.Product 1000 may include one or more tangible computer readablenon-transitory storage media 1002, which may include computer executableinstructions, e.g., implemented by logic 1004, operable to, whenexecuted by at least one computer processor, enable at least onecomputer processor to implement one or more operations at devices 102,140, 160 and/or 180 (FIG. 1), radios 114 and/or 144 (FIG. 1),transmitters 118 and/or 148 (FIG. 1), receivers 116 and/or 146 (FIG. 1),controllers 124 and/or 154 (FIG. 1), message processors 128 and/or 158(FIG. 1), FTM components 117 and/or 157 (FIG. 1), location estimator 115(FIG. 1), and/or to perform one or more operations described above withrespect to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and/or 9, and/or one or moreoperations described herein. The phrase “computer readablenon-transitory storage media” is directed to include allcomputer-readable media, with the sole exception being a transitorypropagating signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, product 1000 and/or storage media1002 may include one or more types of computer-readable storage mediacapable of storing data, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory,removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory,writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. For example, storagemedia 1002 may include, RAM, DRAM, Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM),SDRAM, static RAM (SRAM), ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasableprogrammable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM(EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R),Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), flash memory (e.g., NOR or NAND flashmemory), content addressable memory (CAM), polymer memory, phase-changememory, ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon(SONOS) memory, a disk, a floppy disk, a hard drive, an optical disk, amagnetic disk, a card, a magnetic card, an optical card, a tape, acassette, and the like. The computer-readable storage media may includeany suitable media involved with downloading or transferring a computerprogram from a remote computer to a requesting computer carried by datasignals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium through acommunication link, e.g., a modem, radio or network connection.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1004 may include instructions,data, and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause themachine to perform a method, process and/or operations as describedherein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processingplatform, computing platform, computing device, processing device,computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like,and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware,software, firmware, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1004 may include, or may beimplemented as, software, a software module, an application, a program,a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words,values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitabletype of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code,executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Theinstructions may be implemented according to a predefined computerlanguage, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform acertain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitablehigh-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/orinterpreted programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Matlab,Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and the like.

Examples

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising circuitry and logicconfigured to cause a wireless station to transmit a trigger framecomprising a resource allocation of a plurality of resource slots to aplurality of wireless stations; process a plurality of Non-Data Packet(NDP) transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations according tothe resource allocation; transmit an NDP; and transmit a Multi-User (MU)Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) message comprising timing informationcorresponding to the NDP and timing information corresponding to theplurality of NDP transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wireless station toprocess at least one MU NDP comprising two or more NDP transmissionsfrom two or more wireless stations of the plurality of wirelessstations.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 2, and optionally,wherein the MU NDP comprises a MU NDP header from the two or morewireless stations, followed by a sequence of two or more channelsounding transmissions from the two or more wireless stations.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of Example 3, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of two or moretime slots for the two or more channel sounding transmissions.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of Example 3 or 4, and optionally,wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises a plurality of channelsounding symbols from a plurality of respective antennas.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of Example 5, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of Example 5 or 6, and optionally,wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a short trainingfield prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 5-7, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wirelessstation to process the MU NDP header over a frequency bandwidth, and toprocess a channel sounding symbol of the plurality of channel soundingsymbols over the frequency bandwidth.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-8, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wirelessstation to process a sequence of a plurality of MU NDPs from arespective plurality of groups of two or more wireless stations.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-9, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wirelessstation to process a sequence of two or more NDPs comprising two or morerespective NDP transmissions of the plurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of Example 10, and optionally,wherein the two or more NDPs comprise at least first and second NDPsseparated by a Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS).

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-11, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wirelessstation to transmit a positioning trigger message; process a pluralityof FTM requests from the plurality of wireless stations; and transmitthe trigger frame based at least on the plurality of FTM requests,wherein the MU FTM message comprises a MU FTM response.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of Example 12, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wireless station totransmit a MU acknowledgement to acknowledge the plurality of FTMrequests.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of Example 12 or 13, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 12-14, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wirelessstation to transmit the NDP subsequent to reception of the plurality ofFTM requests and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-14, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the wirelessstation to transmit the NDP subsequent to reception of the plurality ofNDP transmissions.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-16, andoptionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least a TimeDivision Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-17, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a plurality ofTime of Arrival (ToA) values corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations, and a Time ofDeparture (ToD) value corresponding to the NDP.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-18, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from theplurality of wireless stations.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-19, andoptionally, comprising a positioning responder station.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-20, andoptionally, comprising a radio, one or more antennas, a memory and aprocessor.

Example 22 includes a system of wireless communication comprising awireless station, the wireless station comprising a radio; one or moreantennas; a memory; a processor; and a controller configured to causethe wireless station to transmit a trigger frame comprising a resourceallocation of a plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wirelessstations; process a plurality of Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmissionsfrom the plurality of wireless stations according to the resourceallocation; transmit an NDP; and transmit a Multi-User (MU) Fine TimingMeasurement (FTM) message comprising timing information corresponding tothe NDP and timing information corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of Example 22, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the wireless station toprocess at least one MU NDP comprising two or more NDP transmissionsfrom two or more wireless stations of the plurality of wirelessstations.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of Example 23, and optionally,wherein the MU NDP comprises a MU NDP header from the two or morewireless stations, followed by a sequence of two or more channelsounding transmissions from the two or more wireless stations.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of Example 24, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of two or moretime slots for the two or more channel sounding transmissions.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of Example 24 or 25, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of Example 26, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 28 includes the subject matter of Example 26 or 27, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 26-28, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the wirelessstation to process the MU NDP header over a frequency bandwidth, and toprocess a channel sounding symbol of the plurality of channel soundingsymbols over the frequency bandwidth.

Example 30 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-29, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the wirelessstation to process a sequence of a plurality of MU NDPs from arespective plurality of groups of two or more wireless stations.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-30, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the wirelessstation to process a sequence of two or more NDPs comprising two or morerespective NDP transmissions of the plurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of Example 31, and optionally,wherein the two or more NDPs comprise at least first and second NDPsseparated by a Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS).

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-32, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the wirelessstation to transmit a positioning trigger message; process a pluralityof FTM requests from the plurality of wireless stations; and transmitthe trigger frame based at least on the plurality of FTM requests,wherein the MU FTM message comprises a MU FTM response.

Example 34 includes the subject matter of Example 33, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the wireless station totransmit a MU acknowledgement to acknowledge the plurality of FTMrequests.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of Example 33 or 34, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 33-35, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the wirelessstation to transmit the NDP subsequent to reception of the plurality ofFTM requests and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-35, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the wirelessstation to transmit the NDP subsequent to reception of the plurality ofNDP transmissions.

Example 38 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-37, andoptionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least a TimeDivision Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-38, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a plurality ofTime of Arrival (ToA) values corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations, and a Time ofDeparture (ToD) value corresponding to the NDP.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-39, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from theplurality of wireless stations.

Example 41 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 22-40, andoptionally, wherein the wireless station comprises a positioningresponder station.

Example 42 includes a method to be performed at a wireless station, themethod comprising transmitting a trigger frame comprising a resourceallocation of a plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wirelessstations; processing a plurality of Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmissionsfrom the plurality of wireless stations according to the resourceallocation; transmitting an NDP; and transmitting a Multi-User (MU) FineTiming Measurement (FTM) message comprising timing informationcorresponding to the NDP and timing information corresponding to theplurality of NDP transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

Example 43 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally,comprising processing at least one MU NDP comprising two or more NDPtransmissions from two or more wireless stations of the plurality ofwireless stations.

Example 44 includes the subject matter of Example 43, and optionally,wherein the MU NDP comprises a MU NDP header from the two or morewireless stations, followed by a sequence of two or more channelsounding transmissions from the two or more wireless stations.

Example 45 includes the subject matter of Example 44, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of two or moretime slots for the two or more channel sounding transmissions.

Example 46 includes the subject matter of Example 44 or 45, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas.

Example 47 includes the subject matter of Example 46, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of Example 46 or 47, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 49 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 46-48, andoptionally, comprising processing the MU NDP header over a frequencybandwidth, and processing a channel sounding symbol of the plurality ofchannel sounding symbols over the frequency bandwidth.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-49, andoptionally, comprising processing a sequence of a plurality of MU NDPsfrom a respective plurality of groups of two or more wireless stations.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-50, andoptionally, comprising processing a sequence of two or more NDPscomprising two or more respective NDP transmissions of the plurality ofNDP transmissions.

Example 52 includes the subject matter of Example 51, and optionally,wherein the two or more NDPs comprise at least first and second NDPsseparated by a Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS).

Example 53 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-52, andoptionally, comprising transmitting a positioning trigger message;processing a plurality of FTM requests from the plurality of wirelessstations; and transmitting the trigger frame based at least on theplurality of FTM requests, wherein the MU FTM message comprises a MU FTMresponse.

Example 54 includes the subject matter of Example 53, and optionally,comprising transmitting a MU acknowledgement to acknowledge theplurality of FTM requests.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of Example 53 or 54, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-55, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the NDP subsequent to reception ofthe plurality of FTM requests and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 57 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-55, andoptionally, comprising transmitting the NDP subsequent to reception ofthe plurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 58 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-57, andoptionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least a TimeDivision Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-58, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a plurality ofTime of Arrival (ToA) values corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations, and a Time ofDeparture (ToD) value corresponding to the NDP.

Example 60 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-59, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from theplurality of wireless stations.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 42-60, andoptionally, wherein the wireless station comprises a positioningresponder station.

Example 62 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone computer processor, enable the at least one computer processor toimplement operations at a wireless station, the operations comprisingtransmitting a trigger frame comprising a resource allocation of aplurality of resource slots to a plurality of wireless stations;processing a plurality of Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmissions from theplurality of wireless stations according to the resource allocation;transmitting an NDP; and transmitting a Multi-User (MU) Fine TimingMeasurement (FTM) message comprising timing information corresponding tothe NDP and timing information corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of Example 62, and optionally,wherein the operations comprise processing at least one MU NDPcomprising two or more NDP transmissions from two or more wirelessstations of the plurality of wireless stations.

Example 64 includes the subject matter of Example 63, and optionally,wherein the MU NDP comprises a MU NDP header from the two or morewireless stations, followed by a sequence of two or more channelsounding transmissions from the two or more wireless stations.

Example 65 includes the subject matter of Example 64, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of two or moretime slots for the two or more channel sounding transmissions.

Example 66 includes the subject matter of Example 64 or 65, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas.

Example 67 includes the subject matter of Example 66, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 68 includes the subject matter of Example 66 or 67, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 69 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-68, andoptionally, wherein the operations comprise processing the MU NDP headerover a frequency bandwidth, and processing a channel sounding symbol ofthe plurality of channel sounding symbols over the frequency bandwidth.

Example 70 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-69, andoptionally, wherein the operations comprise processing a sequence of aplurality of MU NDPs from a respective plurality of groups of two ormore wireless stations.

Example 71 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-70, andoptionally, wherein the operations comprise processing a sequence of twoor more NDPs comprising two or more respective NDP transmissions of theplurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 72 includes the subject matter of Example 71, and optionally,wherein the two or more NDPs comprise at least first and second NDPsseparated by a Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS).

Example 73 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-72, andoptionally, wherein the operations comprise transmitting a positioningtrigger message; processing a plurality of FTM requests from theplurality of wireless stations; and transmitting the trigger frame basedat least on the plurality of FTM requests, wherein the MU FTM messagecomprises a MU FTM response.

Example 74 includes the subject matter of Example 73, and optionally,wherein the operations comprise transmitting a MU acknowledgement toacknowledge the plurality of FTM requests.

Example 75 includes the subject matter of Example 73 or 74, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 76 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 73-75, andoptionally, wherein the operations comprise transmitting the NDPsubsequent to reception of the plurality of FTM requests and prior tothe trigger frame.

Example 77 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-75, andoptionally, wherein the operations comprise transmitting the NDPsubsequent to reception of the plurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 78 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-77, andoptionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least a TimeDivision Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 79 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-78, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a plurality ofTime of Arrival (ToA) values corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations, and a Time ofDeparture (ToD) value corresponding to the NDP.

Example 80 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-79, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from theplurality of wireless stations.

Example 81 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 62-80, andoptionally, wherein the wireless station comprises a positioningresponder station.

Example 82 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by a wirelessstation, the apparatus comprising means for transmitting a trigger framecomprising a resource allocation of a plurality of resource slots to aplurality of wireless stations; means for processing a plurality ofNon-Data Packet (NDP) transmissions from the plurality of wirelessstations according to the resource allocation; means for transmitting anNDP; and means for transmitting a Multi-User (MU) Fine TimingMeasurement (FTM) message comprising timing information corresponding tothe NDP and timing information corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

Example 83 includes the subject matter of Example 82, and optionally,comprising means for processing at least one MU NDP comprising two ormore NDP transmissions from two or more wireless stations of theplurality of wireless stations.

Example 84 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally,wherein the MU NDP comprises a MU NDP header from the two or morewireless stations, followed by a sequence of two or more channelsounding transmissions from the two or more wireless stations.

Example 85 includes the subject matter of Example 84, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of two or moretime slots for the two or more channel sounding transmissions.

Example 86 includes the subject matter of Example 84 or 85, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas.

Example 87 includes the subject matter of Example 86, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 88 includes the subject matter of Example 86 or 87, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 89 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 86-88, andoptionally, comprising means for processing the MU NDP header over afrequency bandwidth, and processing a channel sounding symbol of theplurality of channel sounding symbols over the frequency bandwidth.

Example 90 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-89, andoptionally, comprising means for processing a sequence of a plurality ofMU NDPs from a respective plurality of groups of two or more wirelessstations.

Example 91 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-90, andoptionally, comprising means for processing a sequence of two or moreNDPs comprising two or more respective NDP transmissions of theplurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 92 includes the subject matter of Example 91, and optionally,wherein the two or more NDPs comprise at least first and second NDPsseparated by a Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS).

Example 93 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-92, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting a positioning triggermessage; processing a plurality of FTM requests from the plurality ofwireless stations; and transmitting the trigger frame based at least onthe plurality of FTM requests, wherein the MU FTM message comprises a MUFTM response.

Example 94 includes the subject matter of Example 93, and optionally,comprising means for transmitting a MU acknowledgement to acknowledgethe plurality of FTM requests.

Example 95 includes the subject matter of Example 93 or 94, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 96 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 93-95, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the NDP subsequent toreception of the plurality of FTM requests and prior to the triggerframe.

Example 97 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-95, andoptionally, comprising means for transmitting the NDP subsequent toreception of the plurality of NDP transmissions.

Example 98 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-97, andoptionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least a TimeDivision Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 99 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-98, andoptionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a plurality ofTime of Arrival (ToA) values corresponding to the plurality of NDPtransmissions from the plurality of wireless stations, and a Time ofDeparture (ToD) value corresponding to the NDP.

Example 100 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-99,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from theplurality of wireless stations.

Example 101 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 82-100,and optionally, wherein the wireless station comprises a positioningresponder station.

Example 102 includes an apparatus comprising circuitry and logicconfigured to cause a first wireless station to process a trigger framefrom a second wireless station, the trigger frame comprising a resourceallocation of a plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wirelessstations comprising the first wireless station; transmit a Non-DataPacket (NDP) transmission to the second wireless station according tothe resource allocation; process an NDP from the second wirelessstation; and process a Multi-User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM)message from the second wireless station, the MU FTM message comprisingtiming information corresponding to the NDP and timing informationcorresponding to the NDP transmission from the first wireless station.

Example 103 includes the subject matter of Example 102, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless stationto transmit the NDP transmission as part of a MU NDP.

Example 104 includes the subject matter of Example 103, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless stationto transmit the NDP transmission comprising a MU NDP header, followed bya channel sounding transmission from the first wireless station.

Example 105 includes the subject matter of Example 104, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of a time slotfor the channel sounding transmission.

Example 106 includes the subject matter of Example 104 or 105, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas of the first wireless station.

Example 107 includes the subject matter of Example 106, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 108 includes the subject matter of Example 106 or 107, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 109 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 104-108,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the firstwireless station to transmit the MU NDP header and the channel soundingtransmission over a same frequency bandwidth.

Example 110 includes the subject matter of Example 102, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless stationto transmit an NDP comprising the NDP transmission.

Example 111 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-110,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the firstwireless station to process a positioning trigger message from thesecond wireless station; transmit an FTM request to the second wirelessstation; process the trigger frame subsequent to transmission of the FTMrequest message; and process an MU FTM response comprising the MU FTMmessage.

Example 112 includes the subject matter of Example 111, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the first wireless stationto process a MU acknowledgement from the second wireless station toacknowledge the FTM request.

Example 113 includes the subject matter of Example 111 or 112, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 114 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 111-113,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the firstwireless station to process the NDP subsequent to transmission of theFTM request and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 115 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-113,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the firstwireless station to process the NDP subsequent to transmission of theNDP transmission.

Example 116 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-115,and optionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least aTime Division Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 117 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-116,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a Time ofArrival (ToA) value corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station, and a Time of Departure (ToD) value corresponding tothe NDP from the second wireless station.

Example 118 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-117,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station.

Example 119 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-118,and optionally, wherein the second wireless station comprises apositioning responder station.

Example 120 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 102-119,and optionally, comprising a radio, one or more antennas, a memory and aprocessor.

Example 121 includes a system of wireless communication comprising afirst wireless station, the first wireless station comprising a radio;one or more antennas; a memory; a processor; and a controller configuredto cause the first wireless station to process a trigger frame from asecond wireless station, the trigger frame comprising a resourceallocation of a plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wirelessstations comprising the first wireless station; transmit a Non-DataPacket (NDP) transmission to the second wireless station according tothe resource allocation; process an NDP from the second wirelessstation; and process a Multi-User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM)message from the second wireless station, the MU FTM message comprisingtiming information corresponding to the NDP and timing informationcorresponding to the NDP transmission from the first wireless station.

Example 122 includes the subject matter of Example 121, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless stationto transmit the NDP transmission as part of a MU NDP.

Example 123 includes the subject matter of Example 122, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless stationto transmit the NDP transmission comprising a MU NDP header, followed bya channel sounding transmission from the first wireless station.

Example 124 includes the subject matter of Example 123, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of a time slotfor the channel sounding transmission.

Example 125 includes the subject matter of Example 123 or 124, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas of the first wireless station.

Example 126 includes the subject matter of Example 125, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 127 includes the subject matter of Example 125 or 126, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 128 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 123-127,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the firstwireless station to transmit the MU NDP header and the channel soundingtransmission over a same frequency bandwidth.

Example 129 includes the subject matter of Example 121, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless stationto transmit an NDP comprising the NDP transmission.

Example 130 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 121-129,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the firstwireless station to process a positioning trigger message from thesecond wireless station; transmit an FTM request to the second wirelessstation; process the trigger frame subsequent to transmission of the FTMrequest message; and process an MU FTM response comprising the MU FTMmessage.

Example 131 includes the subject matter of Example 130, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the first wireless stationto process a MU acknowledgement from the second wireless station toacknowledge the FTM request.

Example 132 includes the subject matter of Example 130 or 131, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 133 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 130-132,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the firstwireless station to process the NDP subsequent to transmission of theFTM request and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 134 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 121-132,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the firstwireless station to process the NDP subsequent to transmission of theNDP transmission.

Example 135 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 121-134,and optionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least aTime Division Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 136 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 121-135,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a Time ofArrival (ToA) value corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station, and a Time of Departure (ToD) value corresponding tothe NDP from the second wireless station.

Example 137 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 121-136,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station.

Example 138 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 121-137,and optionally, wherein the second wireless station comprises apositioning responder station.

Example 139 includes a method to be performed at a first wirelessstation, the method comprising processing a trigger frame from a secondwireless station, the trigger frame comprising a resource allocation ofa plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wireless stationscomprising the first wireless station; transmitting a Non-Data Packet(NDP) transmission to the second wireless station according to theresource allocation; processing an NDP from the second wireless station;and processing a Multi-User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) messagefrom the second wireless station, the MU FTM message comprising timinginformation corresponding to the NDP and timing informationcorresponding to the NDP transmission from the first wireless station.

Example 140 includes the subject matter of Example 139, and optionally,comprising transmitting the NDP transmission as part of a MU NDP.

Example 141 includes the subject matter of Example 140, and optionally,comprising transmitting the NDP transmission comprising a MU NDP header,followed by a channel sounding transmission from the first wirelessstation.

Example 142 includes the subject matter of Example 141, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of a time slotfor the channel sounding transmission.

Example 143 includes the subject matter of Example 141 or 142, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas of the first wireless station.

Example 144 includes the subject matter of Example 143, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 145 includes the subject matter of Example 143 or 144, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 146 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 141-145,and optionally, comprising transmitting the MU NDP header and thechannel sounding transmission over a same frequency bandwidth.

Example 147 includes the subject matter of Example 139, and optionally,comprising transmitting an NDP comprising the NDP transmission.

Example 148 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 139-147,and optionally, comprising processing a positioning trigger message fromthe second wireless station; transmitting an FTM request to the secondwireless station; processing the trigger frame subsequent totransmission of the FTM request message; and processing an MU FTMresponse comprising the MU FTM message.

Example 149 includes the subject matter of Example 148, and optionally,comprising processing a MU acknowledgement from the second wirelessstation to acknowledge the FTM request.

Example 150 includes the subject matter of Example 148 or 149, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 151 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 148-150,and optionally, comprising processing the NDP subsequent to transmissionof the FTM request and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 152 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 139-150,and optionally, comprising processing the NDP subsequent to transmissionof the NDP transmission.

Example 153 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 139-152,and optionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least aTime Division Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 154 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 139-153,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a Time ofArrival (ToA) value corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station, and a Time of Departure (ToD) value corresponding tothe NDP from the second wireless station.

Example 155 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 139-154,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station.

Example 156 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 139-155,and optionally, wherein the second wireless station comprises apositioning responder station.

Example 157 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone computer processor, enable the at least one computer processor toimplement operations at a first wireless station, the operationscomprising processing a trigger frame from a second wireless station,the trigger frame comprising a resource allocation of a plurality ofresource slots to a plurality of wireless stations comprising the firstwireless station; transmitting a Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmission tothe second wireless station according to the resource allocation;processing an NDP from the second wireless station; and processing aMulti-User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) message from the secondwireless station, the MU FTM message comprising timing informationcorresponding to the NDP and timing information corresponding to the NDPtransmission from the first wireless station.

Example 158 includes the subject matter of Example 157, and optionally,wherein the operations comprise transmitting the NDP transmission aspart of a MU NDP.

Example 159 includes the subject matter of Example 158, and optionally,wherein the operations comprise transmitting the NDP transmissioncomprising a MU NDP header, followed by a channel sounding transmissionfrom the first wireless station.

Example 160 includes the subject matter of Example 159, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of a time slotfor the channel sounding transmission.

Example 161 includes the subject matter of Example 159 or 160, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas of the first wireless station.

Example 162 includes the subject matter of Example 161, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 163 includes the subject matter of Example 161 or 162, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 164 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 159-163,and optionally, wherein the operations comprise transmitting the MU NDPheader and the channel sounding transmission over a same frequencybandwidth.

Example 165 includes the subject matter of Example 157, and optionally,wherein the operations comprise transmitting an NDP comprising the NDPtransmission.

Example 166 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 157-165,and optionally, wherein the operations comprise processing a positioningtrigger message from the second wireless station; transmitting an FTMrequest to the second wireless station; processing the trigger framesubsequent to transmission of the FTM request message; and processing anMU FTM response comprising the MU FTM message.

Example 167 includes the subject matter of Example 166, and optionally,wherein the operations comprise processing a MU acknowledgement from thesecond wireless station to acknowledge the FTM request.

Example 168 includes the subject matter of Example 166 or 167, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 169 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 166-168,and optionally, wherein the operations comprise processing the NDPsubsequent to transmission of the FTM request and prior to the triggerframe.

Example 170 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 157-168,and optionally, wherein the operations comprise processing the NDPsubsequent to transmission of the NDP transmission.

Example 171 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 157-170,and optionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least aTime Division Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 172 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 157-171,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a Time ofArrival (ToA) value corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station, and a Time of Departure (ToD) value corresponding tothe NDP from the second wireless station.

Example 173 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 157-172,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station.

Example 174 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 157-173,and optionally, wherein the second wireless station comprises apositioning responder station.

Example 175 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by a firstwireless station, the apparatus comprising means for processing atrigger frame from a second wireless station, the trigger framecomprising a resource allocation of a plurality of resource slots to aplurality of wireless stations comprising the first wireless station;means for transmitting a Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmission to thesecond wireless station according to the resource allocation; means forprocessing an NDP from the second wireless station; and means forprocessing a Multi-User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) message fromthe second wireless station, the MU FTM message comprising timinginformation corresponding to the NDP and timing informationcorresponding to the NDP transmission from the first wireless station.

Example 176 includes the subject matter of Example 175, and optionally,comprising means for transmitting the NDP transmission as part of a MUNDP.

Example 177 includes the subject matter of Example 176, and optionally,comprising means for transmitting the NDP transmission comprising a MUNDP header, followed by a channel sounding transmission from the firstwireless station.

Example 178 includes the subject matter of Example 177, and optionally,wherein the resource allocation comprises an allocation of a time slotfor the channel sounding transmission.

Example 179 includes the subject matter of Example 177 or 178, andoptionally, wherein a channel sounding transmission comprises aplurality of channel sounding symbols from a plurality of respectiveantennas of the first wireless station.

Example 180 includes the subject matter of Example 179, and optionally,wherein the plurality of channel sounding symbols comprise a pluralityof long training fields from the plurality of respective antennas.

Example 181 includes the subject matter of Example 179 or 180, andoptionally, wherein the channel sounding transmission comprises a shorttraining field prior to the plurality of channel sounding symbols.

Example 182 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 177-181,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the MU NDP header andthe channel sounding transmission over a same frequency bandwidth.

Example 183 includes the subject matter of Example 175, and optionally,comprising means for transmitting an NDP comprising the NDPtransmission.

Example 184 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 175-183,and optionally, comprising means for processing a positioning triggermessage from the second wireless station; transmitting an FTM request tothe second wireless station; processing the trigger frame subsequent totransmission of the FTM request message; and processing an MU FTMresponse comprising the MU FTM message.

Example 185 includes the subject matter of Example 184, and optionally,comprising means for processing a MU acknowledgement from the secondwireless station to acknowledge the FTM request.

Example 186 includes the subject matter of Example 184 or 185, andoptionally, wherein the positioning trigger message comprises a randomaccess trigger message.

Example 187 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 184-186,and optionally, comprising means for processing the NDP subsequent totransmission of the FTM request and prior to the trigger frame.

Example 188 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 175-186,and optionally, comprising means for processing the NDP subsequent totransmission of the NDP transmission.

Example 189 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 175-188,and optionally, wherein the resource allocation comprises at least aTime Division Duplexing (TDD) allocation of a plurality of time slots.

Example 190 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 175-189,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least a Time ofArrival (ToA) value corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station, and a Time of Departure (ToD) value corresponding tothe NDP from the second wireless station.

Example 191 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 175-190,and optionally, wherein the MU FTM message comprises at least channelinformation corresponding to the NDP transmission from the firstwireless station.

Example 192 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 175-191,and optionally, wherein the second wireless station comprises apositioning responder station.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein withreference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may beutilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations,components and/or features described herein with reference to one ormore other embodiments, or vice versa.

While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, manymodifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur tothose skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that theappended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changesas fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

1. (canceled)
 2. An apparatus comprising: memory circuitry; and aprocessor comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause a firstwireless communication station (STA) to: transmit a first trigger frameof a range measurement procedure; process a plurality of requests from aplurality of second STAs to perform the range measurement procedure;transmit a second trigger frame to the plurality of second STAs, thesecond trigger frame comprising allocation information to configureresource allocations for the plurality of second STAs; process aplurality of first Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmissions from theplurality of second STAs, the plurality of NDP transmissions accordingto the resource allocations for the plurality of second STAs; transmit asecond NDP transmission; and transmit a Multi-User (MU) transmission tothe plurality of second STAs, the MU transmission comprising Time ofArrival (ToA) information corresponding to the plurality of first NDPtransmissions, and Time of Departure (ToD) information corresponding tothe second NDP transmission.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein an NDPtransmission of the plurality of first NDP transmissions comprises aHigh Efficiency (HE) Short Training Field (STF) and a plurality of HELong Training Fields (LTFs).
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein thefirst trigger frame comprises identification (ID) information toidentify the plurality of second STAs.
 5. The apparatus of claim 2,wherein the first trigger frame is to configure Resource Unit (RU)allocations for the requests from the plurality of second STAs.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 2 configured to cause the first STA to process a MUNDP transmission comprising the plurality of first NDP transmissions. 7.The apparatus of claim 2 comprising a radio to transmit the firsttrigger frame, the second trigger frame, the second NDP transmission andthe MU transmission, and to receive the plurality of requests and theplurality of first NDP transmissions.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7comprising one or more antennas connected to the radio, another memoryto store data processed by the first STA, and another processor toexecute instructions of an operating system.
 9. An apparatus comprising:memory circuitry; and a processor comprising logic and circuitryconfigured to cause a first wireless communication station (STA) to:process a first trigger frame of a range measurement procedure from asecond STA; transmit a message to indicate to the second STA a requestto perform the range measurement procedure; process a second triggerframe from the second STA, the second trigger frame comprisingallocation information to configure resource allocations for a pluralityof STAs, the resource allocations comprising a resource allocation forthe first STA; transmit a first Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmission tothe second STA according to the resource allocation for the first STA;process a second NDP transmission from the second STA; and process aMulti-User (MU) transmission from the second STA, the MU transmissioncomprising Time of Arrival (ToA) information corresponding to the firstNDP transmission, and Time of Departure (ToD) information correspondingto the second NDP transmission.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinthe first NDP transmission comprises a High Efficiency (HE) ShortTraining Field (STF) and a plurality of HE Long Training Fields (LTFs).11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the first trigger frame comprisesidentification (ID) information to identify the first STA.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 11, wherein the ID information comprises anAssociation ID (AID) to identify the first STA.
 13. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the first trigger frame is to configure a Resource Unit(RU) allocation for the message to indicate the request to the secondSTA.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9 configured to cause the first STA totransmit the first NDP transmission as part of a MU NDP transmission.15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the message to indicate therequest is separated from the first trigger frame by a first ShortInter-Frame Space (SIFS), the second trigger frame is separated from themessage to indicate the request by a second SIFS, and the first NDPtransmission is separated from the second trigger frame by a third SIFS.16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the MU transmission is separatedfrom the second NDP transmission by a Short Inter-Frame Space (SIFS).17. The apparatus of claim 9 configured to cause the first STA tocommunicate the first trigger frame, the message to indicate therequest, the second trigger frame, the first NDP transmission, thesecond NDP transmission, and the MU transmission within a singleTransmit Opportunity (TXOP).
 18. The apparatus of claim 9 configured tocause the first STA to determine a Round Trip Time (RTT) measurementbased on a ToD of the first NDP transmission, a ToA of the second NDPtransmission, the ToA information corresponding to the first NDPtransmission, and the ToD information corresponding to the second NDPtransmission.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18 configured to cause thefirst STA to determine a location of the first STA based on the RTTmeasurement.
 20. The apparatus of claim 9 comprising a radio to receivethe first trigger frame, the second trigger frame, the second NDPtransmission and the MU transmission, and to transmit the message toindicate the request, and the first NDP transmission.
 21. The apparatusof claim 20 comprising one or more antennas connected to the radio,another memory to store data processed by the first STA, and anotherprocessor to execute instructions of an operating system.
 22. A productcomprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storagemedia comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, whenexecuted by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor tocause a first wireless communication station (STA) to: process a firsttrigger frame of a range measurement procedure from a second STA;transmit a message to indicate to the second STA a request to performthe range measurement procedure; process a second trigger frame from thesecond STA, the second trigger frame comprising allocation informationto configure resource allocations for a plurality of STAs, the resourceallocations comprising a resource allocation for the first STA; transmita first Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmission to the second STA accordingto the resource allocation for the first STA; process a second NDPtransmission from the second STA; and process a Multi-User (MU)transmission from the second STA, the MU transmission comprising Time ofArrival (ToA) information corresponding to the first NDP transmission,and Time of Departure (ToD) information corresponding to the second NDPtransmission.
 23. The product of claim 22, wherein the first triggerframe comprises identification (ID) information to identify the firstSTA.
 24. The product of claim 22, wherein the first trigger frame is toconfigure a Resource Unit (RU) allocation for the message to indicatethe request to the second STA.
 25. An apparatus comprising: means forcausing a first wireless communication station (STA) to process a firsttrigger frame of a range measurement procedure from a second STA; meansfor causing the first STA to transmit a message to indicate to thesecond STA a request to perform the range measurement procedure; meansfor causing the first STA to process a second trigger frame from thesecond STA, the second trigger frame comprising allocation informationto configure resource allocations for a plurality of STAs, the resourceallocations comprising a resource allocation for the first STA; meansfor causing the first STA to transmit a first Non-Data Packet (NDP)transmission to the second STA according to the resource allocation forthe first STA; means for causing the first STA to process a second NDPtransmission from the second STA; and means for causing the first STA toprocess a Multi-User (MU) transmission from the second STA, the MUtransmission comprising Time of Arrival (ToA) information correspondingto the first NDP transmission, and Time of Departure (ToD) informationcorresponding to the second NDP transmission.
 26. The apparatus of claim25, wherein the first NDP transmission comprises a High Efficiency (HE)Short Training Field (STF) and a plurality of HE Long Training Fields(LTFs).